Philosophy+Chronology

- Scholars consider Lecuippus the founder of the atomistic school and speculative thinker of the highest degree - Democratics lived in Abdera in the north of Greece - Lecippus and Democratics described atoms as hard and indivisible, with different shapes and sizes yet invisible to the naked eye. Wissam (Socrates) -"Ignorance is the only evil." - Socrates believed that happiness came from leading a good life. - He believed that he might find out what's right from wrong by asking questions. (Understanding) - He was arrested and accused of corrupting young minds and worshiping false gods. - Socrates believed laws should be made only by the wise. Amel (Plato) - Knowledge is justified true belief - True knowledge cannot be gained through the five senses - The world we live in is a shadow of the real world, to escape this shadow, you have to go beyond perception. Isra (Aristotle) - Greek philosopher (382-322 BC) - Student of Plato - Golden Mean, Logic, Reason, and Passion - Main interests was Platonic Realism, abstract ideas of life, justice, education, family - Main interest logic, reason and observation - Plato and Aristotle's philosophies differ - Plato's work was more on metaphysical while Aristotle's work was more of self-analysis Hassan (Early Christians - Martin Luther) - Greeks : Human needs education - Christianity:Humanity needs GOD to save them because almost all of humanity deserves to go to hell - Islam, Christianity, and Judaism believe in one GOD - Church: One must pay money to enter heaven (Indulgence) - Luther (German Monk) translated the Bible from Latin to German - His work changed the Church's authority Maan (Rise of Science) - Galileo Galilei was the first to reason the innate knowledge that authority gave him. - He compared the masses in space to generate his theories - Descarte's was also against the fact that knowledge was justified by authority. - Hobbes thought of people as initially evil, that they were selfish - Newton mostly thought of the world being neutral to rationalize his scientific theories Zayan (Empiricism) - Knowledge comes from the 5 senses - Emphasize the importance of experience and direct evidence - Follows scientific method philosophy - All those theories and claims must be tested by observing and perceiving the world - Locke, Hobbes, and Berkley are the main drivers of the philosophy Adam (Immanuel Kant) - His philosophy was called Critical Philosophy - Tried to create a middle ground between empiricists and rationalists - Believed we have two types of knowledge, them being a priori (innate) and posteriori (empirical) - Believed a priori knowledge was always universally true, and a posteriori is never unusually true - Agreed with rationalists that reason could allow you to obtain a lot of knowledge, but disagreed with just how much you could know - agreed with empiricists on how empirical knowledge, disagreed with their idea that "Our knowledge ends with sense experience." Vincent (Jeremy Bentham) - Principle of utility - Pleasure and pain are motivating factors of all human being. - 4 sanctions (Physical, Political, Moral, Religious) (John Mill) - Human Liberty - Harm Principle - Son of the famous Ricardian economist (James Mill) - Individualist Faris Nic John (Husserl and Heidegger) -Husserl was known as the "Father of Phenomenology" -Philosophy would be a "rigorous" and "unique" science if theorization to a more precise study of simple events -It is done through a "categorical intuition" which believes in "phenomenology" and "existentialism" which is based on a combination of both rational and empirical knowledge - Husserl is trying to distinguish the transcendence of subject and object, which tells that one can’t define himself or herself as a being but rather we must define ourselves as a “Being”. -Heidegger based his philosophy on the works of Edmund Husserl. -Heidegger states that "Being" defined as people who are authentic are true to themselves and they are willing to take responsibilities in relation tho while inauthentic people are not true to themselves nor are they willing to take responsibilities -Heidegger clarifies that "Being", which states that human is not an object but rather it means the wonder of the relationship of man to "Being". -Heidegger uses the term “Dasein” which means you belong to any human being and it’s what makes you authentic or not. -Heidegger states that that we as individual humans cannot separate ourselves from the world because we too are beings but we as a sole individual must consider ourselves as “Being” as well. -Heidegger states that we as individual humans cannot separate ourselves from the world because we too are beings but we as a sole individual must consider ourselves as “Being” which is well based on the truth of simple events.
 * //Ahmed (Pre-Socratics)

//** 